Tire-Road Friction Estimation Using Slip-based Observers

In order to improve the security of the vehicles, the car industry focuses more and more on Active Safety. The objective is to introduce embedded electronic control systems to detect dangerous conditions, warn the driver and, in emergency situations, even take actions to avoid crash or at least reduce the violence of the impact. The tire-road friction coefficient which defines the maximum traction and braking capacities is very useful information for both the driver and electronic devices like ABS, ESP, roll-over prevention or collision mitigation. Unfortunately such a coefficient cannot be directly measured and has to be estimated from other available data. This thesis reviews the main directions followed by researchers around the world and then focuses on slip-based methods. The methods proposed in a few papers are implemented, compared and commented. Then some original solutions are proposed. First, a hybrid observer has been developed with the idea to classify roads into a few categories. The principle is very interesting and the implementation brings out many problems to take into consideration and some attempts of solutions.Secondly, a force observer and a tire friction model are combined. This natural approach works well in simulations

Impact macroéconomique du financement du déficit structurel du régime général de la Sécurité sociale par une hausse de la CSG sur la période 1993-2008

Annexe IV du rapport. Note de l'Observatoire français des conjonctures économiques

ERAWATCH Country Reports 2012: France

This analytical country report is one of a series of annual ERAWATCH reports produced for EU Member States and Countries Associated to the Seventh Framework Programme for Research of the European Union (FP7). The main objective of the ERAWATCH Annual Country Reports is to characterise and assess the performance of national research systems and related policies in a structured manner that is comparable across countries. The Country Report 2012 builds on and updates the 2011 edition. The report identifies the structural challenges of the national research and innovation system and assesses the match between the national priorities and the structural challenges, highlighting the latest developments, their dynamics and impact in the overall national context. They further analyse and assess the ability of the policy mix in place to consistently and efficiently tackle these challenges. These reports were originally produced in December 2012, focusing on policy developments over the previous twelve months. The reports were produced by independent experts under direct contract with IPTS. The analytical framework and the structure of the reports have been developed by the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies of the Joint Research Centre (JRC-IPTS) and Directorate General for Research and Innovation with contributions from external experts.JRC.J.2-Knowledge for Growt

Influence of heterotrophic feeding on the sexual reproduction of Pocillopora verrucosa (Scleractinia, Pocilloporidae) in aquaria.

Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2009.Corals are able to source autotrophically-produced carbon since they have symbiotic unicellular dinoflagellates embedded in their tissue. However, they are also known to be heterotrophic feeders and able to ingest a variety of food sources, such as bacteria, particulate organic matter and zooplankton. Recent research has shown that heterotrophic feeding has a marked effect on both maintenance and growth in corals by providing mainly a nutritional source of nitrogen and phosphorus. Nevertheless, no study has yet been undertaken on the interactions between feeding and sexual reproduction in corals. This study examines the effects of heterotrophic feeding on the sexual reproduction of Pocillopora verrucosa in aquaria. Rotifers were used as live food source at two concentrations (LFC = low feed colonies) = 5×102 organisms/L; (HFC = high feed colonies) = 15×102 organisms /L) and an unfed control (UC = unfed colonies) was added for comparison. Three replicates of five colonies were used for each food concentration and control. Rotifers were distributed among the nine aquaria four times per week for three hours. Histological sections of coral polyps were prepared to monitor the development of gametogenic stages and the fecundity of the colonies. The number and size of oocyte, and spermary stages were determined in each polyp. Both fed and starved colonies proved to be simultaneous hermaphrodites and broadcast spawners. The gametogenesis period was short and occurred from October to December 2007. No spawning event was observed in the aquaria. However, the disappearance of mature oocytes in samples collected in January 2008 suggested that spawning took place between December 2007 and January 2008. Heterotrophic feeding had a strong effect on reproduction in P.verrucosa. The results showed that both the proportion of polyps with gametes and the reproductive effort were lower in the fed than in starved colonies. It is likely that an energetic trade-off occurred between reproduction and other metabolic functions. However, oocytes were bigger in fed corals compared with the unfed controls. Several hypotheses are proposed to explain these metabolic/energy distribution patterns

projection de l'économie française à l'horizon 2001.

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Adaptation of hybrid five-phase ABS algorithms for experimental validation

International audienceThe Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is the most important active safety system for passenger cars, but unfortunately the literature is not really precise about its description, stability and performance. This research improves a five-phase hybrid algorithm based on wheel deceleration and validate it on a tyre-in-the-loop laboratory facility. Five relevant effects are modelled so that the simulation matches the reality. Two methods to deal with the time delays are proposed. It can be verified that the limit cycle of the ABS encircle the optimal braking point without having any tyre parameter a priori known

Les réformes des retraites en Europe dans la crise

La question des retraites se pose avec une acuité particulière en Europe en 2010. Avant la crise financière, le vieillissement de la population dans tous les pays européens qui devait s’accentuer dans les années 2005-2035 mettait déjà cette question au centre des problématiques des politiques budgétaires, des politiques sociales et des politiques de l’emploi (...)

ERA Communication Synthesis Report

This report is a synthesis of progress towards achievement of the ERA, based on an analysis of country data on the five ERA priorities (as defined in the 2012 EC Communication) collected with the support of independent country experts in the first semester 2013, complemented by other relevant indicators and study results (taking into account in some cases limitations regarding data availability and quality). It offers a synthetic and cross-country analytical overview by ERA priority of relevant policies and related policy support measures adopted and implemented (including necessary legal changes enacted) in EU Member States. It covers the 28 EU Member States and 13 Associated Countries. This report aims to identify behavioural patterns across countries, take into account progress in relation to the ERA baseline indicators, and contribute to the ERA Monitoring Mechanism.JRC.J.2-Knowledge for Growt